SEASON 2 FINALE Synopsis: Shulgi and his successors face major challenges to Ur III rule, including Amorite attacks, Sumerian rivals, and a newly-emboldened Shimashki. “The god Enlil granted to Shu-Sin a long lifespan, a crown and tiara, a scepter of long days, a royal throne, a firm foundation, years of abundance, a weapon – the flood – which casts terror…” – Copy of an inscription from a statue of Shu-Sin commemorating a victory over Shimashki Map of the Near East c. 2060 BC: https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/2060BC.jpg Map of the Near East c. 2028 BC: https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/2028BC.jpg Map of the Near East c. 2000 BC: https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/2000BC.jpg Episode Images: https://www.flickr.com/photos/75506172@N07/albums/72177720332382139/with/55129840383 References and Further Reading: https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/A12_References.pdf Please contact [email protected] if you would like to advertise on this podcast. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Synopsis: The Proto-Elamite horizon sparked innovation and trade throughout Iran and Central Asia, and its collapse saw the emergence of numerous “secondary states”. Toward the end of the Third Millennium BC, the dominant polity east of the Zagros was the Oxus Civilization. Map of the Middle Asian Interaction Sphere: https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/MAIS.png Episode Images: https://www.flickr.com/photos/75506172@N07/albums/72177720332227258/ References and Further Reading: https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/A11_References.pdf Please contact [email protected] if you would like to advertise on this podcast. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Synopsis: Ur-Namma unifies Sumer and ejects the Elamites. His son, King Shulgi, designs a new empire and begins a push for Zagros domination. “The trustworthy shepherd, king, the sword of Sumer, Ur-Namma, the king of the Land, was taken to the …house…he who was beloved by the troops, could not raise his neck anymore. The wise one…lay down; silence descended. As he, who was the vigor of the Land, had fallen, the Land became demolished like a mountain…He passed away in his prime…abandoned, like a broken jar.” – The Death of Ur-Namma Map of the Near East c. 2112 BC: https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/2112BC.jpg Map of the Near East c. 2060 BC: https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/2060BC.jpg Episode Images: https://www.flickr.com/photos/75506172@N07/albums/72177720331669262/ References and Further Reading: https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/A10_References.pdf Please contact [email protected] if you would like to advertise on this podcast. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Synopsis: With the fall of the Old Kingdom, power devolves to the various nomes. The Herakleopolitan House of Khety extends control over most of Egypt before eventually being defeated and deposed by the rival House of Thebes. “I took care of the towns of Hefat and Hormer in every situation of crisis, when the sky was clouded and the earth was parched and everybody died of hunger. The south came with its people and the north with its children; they brought the finest oil in exchange for the barley that was given to them. The whole of Upper Egypt died of hunger and each individual had reached such a state of hunger that he ate his own children. But I refused to see anyone die of hunger and gave to the north the grain of Upper Egypt. I brought life to the provinces of Nekhen and Edfu, Elephantine and Ombos.” – Tomb Inscription of the Nomarch Ankhtifi Episode Image: Painted osiride sandstone seated Ka statue of king Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II, on display at the Egyptian Museum, Cairo. By Prof. Mortel, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=118201367. Map of Egypt in the First Intermediate Period: https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/A9_Egypt.png Episode Images: https://www.flickr.com/photos/75506172@N07/albums/72177720331395977 References and Further Reading: https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/A9_References.pdf Please contact [email protected] if you would like to advertise on this podcast. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

[NOTE: This new version features improved audio] Synopsis: The impacts of the Aridification Event lead to Akkadian collapse. Gudea of Lagash asserts independence and shepherds the south through the aftermath. The brief period of Guti domination is terminated by the Elamite invasion of Kutik-Inshushinak and the Sumerian revolt of Utu-Hegal of Uruk. “They placed fetters on (Tirigan’s) hands and put a cloth over his eyes. Utu-Hegal made him lie at Utu’s feet and on his neck he set his foot. Gutium, the fanged snake of the mountain ranges, he made drink from the cracks in the earth.” – Victory Stele of Utu-Hegal of Uruk Episode Image: Statue of Gudea, Ensi of Lagash, on display at the British Museum, 2025. My photo. Map of the Near East c. 2200 BC: https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/2200BC.jpg Map of the Near East c. 2112 BC: https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/2112BC.jpg Episode Images: https://www.flickr.com/photos/75506172@N07/albums/72177720331179161/ References and Further Reading: https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/A8_References.pdf Please contact [email protected] if you would like to advertise on this podcast. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Synopsis: The impacts of the Aridification Event lead to Akkadian collapse. Gudea of Lagash asserts independence and shepherds the south through the aftermath. The brief period of Guti domination is terminated by the Elamite invasion of Kutik-Inshushinak and the Sumerian revolt of Utu-Hegal of Uruk. “They placed fetters on (Tirigan’s) hands and put a cloth over his eyes. Utu-Hegal made him lie at Utu’s feet and on his neck he set his foot. Gutium, the fanged snake of the mountain ranges, he made drink from the cracks in the earth.” – Victory Stele of Utu-Hegal of Uruk\ Episode Image: Statue of Gudea, Ensi of Lagash, on display at the British Museum, 2025. My photo. Map of the Near East c. 2200 BC: https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/2200BC.jpg Map of the Near East c. 2112 BC: https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/2112BC.jpg Episode Images: https://www.flickr.com/photos/75506172@N07/albums/72177720331179161/ References and Further Reading: https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/A8_References.pdf Please contact [email protected] if you would like to advertise on this podcast. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Synopsis: The science behind the 4.2 kiloyear BPE Aridification Event. “The great farming tracts brought forth no grain, The irrigated farming tracts brought forth no fish, The well-watered orchard brought forth neither syrup nor wine. The gathering clouds brought no rain, not even weeds would grow.” – The Curse of Agade Map of the Near East c. 2200 BC: https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/2200BC.jpg Episode Images: https://www.flickr.com/photos/75506172@N07/albums/72177720330980851 References and Further Reading: https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/A7_References.pdf Please contact [email protected] if you would like to advertise on this podcast. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Synopsis: The Akkadian Empire reaches its zenith under the rule of Naram-Sin. “Its king, the shepherd, Naram-Sin, Shone forth like sunrise on the holy throne of Agade, Its walls, like a mountain range, reached up to graze the sky. Holy Inanna opened in them spacious gates, Big enough to let the Tigris flow out through them to the sea.” - The Curse of Agade Original Episode Art by Mike Oeming: https://michaelavonoeming.com Bust of Naram-sin by Museum Art Replicas: https://www.etsy.com/shop/MuseumArtReplicas Map of SW Eurasia: https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/A6_Map.png Map of the Akkadian Empire (by Simeon Netchev, World History Encyclopedia): https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/15457.png?v=1748640186-0 Episode Images: https://www.flickr.com/photos/75506172@N07/albums/72177720327300092 References and Further Reading: https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/A6_References.pdf Please contact [email protected] if you would like to advertise on this podcast. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Synopsis: Sargon of Akkad forges the world’s first Empire. “After Enlil’s baleful glare Had slain Kish like the Bull of Heaven, Had slaughtered house and land of Uruk in the dust,      like that monster bull, And Enlil had then and there given Sargon, king of Agade, Lordship of Uruk, kingship of Kish, From the lowlands to the upper regions, Then did holy Inanna busy herself to build Agade, the temple city, as her sublime dwelling, In Ulmash let her throne be set.” – The curse of Agade Map of SW Eurasia: https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/A5_Map.png Map of the Akkadian Empire (by Simeon Netchev, World History Encyclopedia): https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/15457.png?v=1748640186-0 Episode Images: https://www.flickr.com/photos/75506172@N07/albums/72177720326959608/ References and Further Reading: https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/A5_References.pdf Please contact [email protected] if you would like to advertise on this podcast. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices