WATCH FULL EPISODE: https://youtu.be/uaydeVT1Xx8 Subscribe Here: @JulianDoreyDaily HARRY'S LINKS: - IG: https://www.instagram.com/h_miller76/ - X: https://x.com/h_miller76 - Substack: https://shorturl.at/Ytm1N The nature of genius has long been tied to madness, but what does the history of the word actually tell us about the human mind? We examine the etymology of genius, tracing its roots from ancient interpretations to the modern understanding of high-level talent. This discussion explores the historical connection between creative brilliance and psychological instability, specifically analyzing Plato philosophy and his perspective on the divine inspiration that often borders on the irrational. The conversation shifts to the practical side of talent management—how to build a cohesive unit from individuals who share a common struggle. By bringing together people with unique abilities, we look at whether a shared sense of creative struggle is the essential ingredient for forming a group that can actually execute on a vision. This is for anyone interested in the intersection of genius and madness and how the greatest minds of history were shaped by their environments. Subscribe for weekly cultural breakdowns, and comment which historical topic you want us to address next. ***TIMESTAMPS*** 0:00 - Harry Miller, Ohio State & Urban Meyer 2:16 - "College Football Is Like a Cult" 12:26 - Shoulder Injury in the National Championship 23:33 - First Suicidal Thought at Age Seven 34:10 - "Only a God Would Choose to Suffer" 48:49 - Coach Day, Psychiatry & Wanting to Write 58:35 - Tearing His PCL & "The Famous Letter" @JulianDoreyDaily ​ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

FULL EPISODE: https://youtu.be/QLstJdSObXw Subscribe Here: ⁨@JulianDoreyDaily⁩ FAT ELECTRICIAN's LINKS: - YT: @the_fat_electrician - POD: @unsubscribepodcast - IG: https://www.instagram.com/the_fat_electrician/?hl=en VETERAN w/ A SIGN's LINKS: - IG: https://www.instagram.com/veteranwithasign/?hl=en - POD: @UnderwhelmingPodcast WWII personal stories often go untold, capturing the brutal reality of life at home while soldiers fought on the front lines. The speaker recounts the immediate aftermath of a campaign in Georgia, where he received two life-altering letters backdated by 14 months. This is a raw look at the emotional toll of wartime letters, illustrating how news of a fractured family and a lost relationship could reach a soldier far removed from the battlefield. We analyze the specific weight of these communications and the psychological impact of receiving such devastating news long after the events occurred. This account provides a stark perspective on the dual burden of soldier experiences: the external conflict of World War II history and the internal collapse of their personal lives. These WWII personal stories serve as a reminder of the quiet tragedies that often occurred alongside the major events of the era. Subscribe for weekly historical breakdowns, and let us know in the comments if you want to hear more oral histories from this era. ***TIMESTAMPS*** 0:00 Merrill's Marauders & bayonet charges 1:32 Military history & political wars 20:27 Afghanistan withdrawal & veteran healing 35:12 Meeting online & veteran PTSD 45:10 Systemic abuse & Afghan reality @JulianDoreyDaily ​ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

WATCH FULL EPISODE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3turgHTOS-I&t=90s Subscribe Here: @JulianDoreyDaily Newsletter: https://juliandoreypodcast.beehiiv.com/get-julians-top-10-books CLIPPERS DISCORD: https://discord.com/invite/8QmWEKJ3BT Dale spent years building out a global security apparatus, and this episode goes through what that job actually looks like — from explosives training and K9 work in Bali to the ambush that nearly got him killed. He walks through his role during the fall of Afghanistan, including the work of rescuing interpreters as the country fell, which combatants he's willing to engage in a mission, and what it actually takes to get people out of hostile countries. He also covers a 2010 crash in Dubai, a wild story about rescuing a client's kid from a spring break trip gone very wrong, and why he's not a fan of doing business in Saudi Arabia. The episode closes on a lighter note — the friendliest people he's encountered doing this work, his take on Hong Kong, and his experience in China. 0:00 Dale's explosives training; K9 training in Bali 11:12 The ridiculousness of the past few years 20:42 Dale's global security apparatus; Dale almost dies in ambush (story) 31:27 Fall of Afghanistan; rescuing interpreters 43:11 Which combatants Dale is willing to kill in a mission; how to get people out of hostile countries 50:47 Dubai 2010 crash 56:33 Rescuing client's kid from spring break gone wrong; why Dale doesn't like Saudi Arabia 1:04:40 Friendliest people in the world; Hong Kong 1:09:00 China Julian Dorey Podcast sits down with Dale for a full look inside the private security world. @JulianDoreyDaily ​ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

WATCH FULL EPISODE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I5GIOp_Vr88 Subscribe Here: @JulianDoreyDaily ALEX'S LINKS - YOUTUBE: https://www.youtube.com/@CosmicSkeptic - IG: https://www.instagram.com/cosmicskeptic/?hl=en - X: https://x.com/CosmicSkeptic Newsletter: https://juliandoreypodcast.beehiiv.com/get-julians-top-10-books CLIPPERS DISCORD: https://discord.com/invite/8QmWEKJ3BT Alex O'Connor joins Julian for a deep dive into philosophy, theology, and the history of scripture. They start with simulation theory and David Deutsch's ideas on it, then move into whether God and a multiverse could coexist, and why genuinely engaging with the meaning of life is harder than people assume. From there the conversation goes deep into religious history: the "2 Gods" theory, Gnosticism and what "good" actually means in that framework, and the Gnostic gospels that were left out of the Bible entirely, including Marcion of Sinope's version of the biblical canon. They break down the Council of Nicea's role in shaping which texts became scripture, the Gnostic Gospel of Thomas, and manuscripts recovered from Egypt. The conversation moves into the Gospel of Mark specifically, using a "telephone game" analogy to explain how scripture changes through transmission, with a detailed breakdown of a Sabbath verse in Mark 2. It closes with a discussion on the actual role of Jesus Christ and some genuinely strange anomalies around John the Baptist. 0:00 Discovering Alex O'Connor, David Deutsch simulation theory 9:52 God & multiverse coexistence debate, difficulty of interest in meaning of life 17:22 2 Gods theory, Gnosticism, "good" meaning 25:15 Forbidden Gnostic gospels, Marcion of Sinope Gnostic biblical canon 32:15 Council of Nicea vs biblical canon, Gnostic Gospel of Thomas, Egypt papyrus 40:21 Gospel of Mark, telephone game analogy, Sabbath verse in Mark 2 breakdown 57:10 Role of Jesus Christ, John the Baptist bizarre anomalies @JulianDoreyDaily ​ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

WATCH FULL EPISODE: https://youtu.be/Aui8JLiJgM4 Subscribe Here: @JulianDoreyDaily A packed rundown episode covering a lot of ground. Julian starts light — Bari Weiss at dinner parties, the Paolo Zampolli civil suit, a bit called "The Batman of NYC," and Snapchat threatening litigation — before getting into Kash Patel's ongoing social media meltdown, including what allegedly happened at his desk according to Joey Deef and Julian, and a conversation with his head of PR. The back half is a deep dive back into the Lindsay Clancy case. Julian responds directly to people who reached out to him about it, walks through the more far-fetched Patrick Clancy theories while explaining how he holds two conflicting thoughts on the case at once, and Darnell Thomas and Joey Deef go back and forth on their read of it. From there it's a detailed breakdown of the trial itself: the state's psychiatric witness on the psychosis claim, Kevin Reddington's defense of Patrick Clancy, the prosecution's minute-by-minute timeline, and Julian's broader theory on how the American jury system actually functions. The final stretch covers the jury in detail — why Juror 1 was frustrated with the holdout, jurors who were offended by crime scene photos, the "nurse expert" jurors, Juror 4's account of pressure in the deliberation room, and Juror 5's rough interview. Julian shares how he actually feels about his own opinion on the case, discusses the holdout juror's identity and what he calls the BLM angle the case represents, and closes with a note that he spoke to Vivian Kubrick directly, plus his standing promise to always call balls and strikes. Julian Dorey Podcast covers Kash Patel's online chaos and a full deep dive back into the Lindsay Clancy case. ***TIMESTAMPS*** 0:00 Bari Weiss is the best at dinner parties 1:01 Paolo Zampolli civil suit filed 2:55 The Batman of NYC 4:04 The Zampolli lawsuit (continued) 4:45 The most important room in any well designed home 6:30 The Zampolli lawsuit (continued again) 7:53 Snapchat is threatening litigation against us 9:29 Kash Patel becomes a social media disaster 11:20 Social media queen Kash Patel strikes again 13:20 What happened at Kash Patel's desk (according to Joey Deef & Julian Dorey) 16:54 Kash's convo w/ his head of PR 20:03 Julian responds to people who reached out to him over Lindsay Clancy 23:25 The ridiculous Patrick Clancy theories & holding 2 thoughts at the same time 27:47 Darnell Thomas & Joey Deef go back and forth on the case 29:32 The state's psychiatric witness on Lindsay Clancy's psychosis claim 30:22 Kevin Reddington defends Patrick Clancy 34:20 Prosecution's proof of Patrick Clancy's minute-by-minute timeline at store 35:04 Julian's theory on the American jury system (including a funny story) 38:33 Why Juror 1 was frustrated with the holdout juror (insane) 40:57 The jurors literally were offended the prosecution showed them the crime scene 44:13 Charisma in the courtroom 45:11 The holdout juror may have never said he had reasonable doubt as reported 45:56 The nurse "expert" jurors 48:10 Juror 4 on the pressure campaign in the deliberation room 50:32 Juror 5's embarrassing interview 53:25 Julian on how he feels about his opinion on this case 54:46 The holdout juror's identity revealed (Julian rant) 56:45 The BLM angle the Lindsay Clancy case represents 59:21 Julian talked with Vivian Kubrick directly @JulianDoreyDaily ​ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

WATCH FULL EPISODE: https://youtu.be/7pOT-VQT-vk Subscribe Here: @JulianDoreyDaily HEADLEY'S LINKS: - BUY BOOK: https://blownforgood.com/ - INSTAGRAM: ​​https://www.instagram.com/blownforgood - X: https://x.com/blownforgood - YT: https://www.youtube.com/blownforgood Marc and Claire Headley joined Scientology's Sea Org as teenagers and ended up working at Gold Base, the church's secretive international headquarters tucked away in the California desert. Marc spent years producing audio, video, and e-meter technology tied to some of Scientology's most high-profile members. Claire worked in roles that put her close to the organization's top leadership. Behind the gates, life inside the Sea Org meant long hours, minimal pay, strict surveillance, and a culture where leaving wasn't simply a matter of quitting. Marc and Claire talk openly about the conditions that pushed them toward the exits — and what it actually took to get out. Marc's escape involved driving off the property outright; Claire followed later, navigating her own way past an organization built to keep people in. Getting out came with a cost. Family members who remained in the church were bound by Scientology's disconnection policy, cutting off contact with anyone who left. Marc later wrote about the experience in his book "Blown for Good," and the two have spent years since speaking publicly about what they saw and lived through inside one of the most controversial organizations in the country. This episode covers how they got in, what kept them there for as long as it did, and the moment each of them finally decided to run. Julian Dorey Podcast sits down with Marc and Claire Headley for the full story. @JulianDoreyDaily ***TIMESTAMPS*** 0:00 Forced abortions inside Sea Org 14:00 January 2005 planning the escape 23:06 The motorcycle escape & the chase 36:48 Rebuilding his dad's computer business 50:53 Plotting Claire's breakout alone Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

WATCH FULL EPISODE: https://youtu.be/6X8myu5L5UM Subscribe Here: @JulianDoreyDaily TOMMY'S LINKS - YT: https://www.youtube.com/@UCib80j_q5o_C5XsCA9YsAFg - IG: https://www.instagram.com/sabbatical.tommy/ Newsletter: https://juliandoreypodcast.beehiiv.com/get-julians-top-10-books CLIPPERS DISCORD: https://discord.com/invite/8QmWEKJ3BT Tommy Sabbatical has been to places most travel YouTubers will not go. And then he sits across from Julian Dorey and tells the truth about what he found. This segment covers the full arc of the most alarming and most personally significant chapter of his travel career — Zanzibar polygamy and his first viral video, Nigeria the second most corrupt country in the world and going viral on Nigerian national news, Iraq's holy sites and Shia militant checkpoints and the most generous country he has ever been to, the Yazidis who were enslaved by ISIS and called devil worshippers finding them across the Middle East and going to the holiest place in Yazidism, three weeks in Israel after October 7th and the majority of Israelis he met, and Palestine's travel restrictions and Lebanon's civil war history. The Tanzania Zanzibar and polygamy thread is the episode's most immediately entertaining and most personally revealing opening contribution. Tommy Sabbatical's I Was Forced Into Polygamy in Rural Tanzania video has 8.4 million views — one of the most watched travel videos he has ever produced. Julian Dorey gets the full story behind it including what the Zanzibar experience produced and what his first viral video revealed about what his audience actually wanted from a travel YouTuber willing to go deeper than the surface. The Nigeria thread is the episode's most culturally alarming and most immediately significant contribution. Nigeria is the second most corrupt country in the world. Tommy Sabbatical went and called it insane in the most complimentary possible way — the most alive and most chaotic and most demanding country he had encountered to that point. He went viral on Nigerian national news. If you can make it in Nigeria you can make it anywhere. The specific experience of 200 million people knowing your face without your knowledge or consent is the most personally significant and most immediately alarming element of the Nigeria story. The Iraq holy sites and Shia militant checkpoints thread is the episode's most geopolitically significant and most personally alarming contribution. Tommy Sabbatical hit a Shia militant checkpoint and was completely shook. He stood at the holy sites of southern Iraq. He found the most generous country he has ever been to. And he came back saying Baghdad is safer now — the most important and most consistently underreported single data point about the present-tense reality of Iraq. The Yazidis thread is the episode's most humanly devastating and most historically significant contribution. ISIS called them devil worshippers then enslaved them — systematically capturing Yazidi women and girls and selling them into sexual slavery in one of the most documented genocides of the 21st century. Tommy Sabbatical found them scattered across the Middle East went to Lalish the holiest place in Yazidism and found very kind people on the other side of a genocide that the world watched happen and largely failed to stop. Inside This Clip: Zanzibar polygamy and Tommy Sabbatical's first viral video — the story behind 8.4 million views Nigeria the second most corrupt country — insane in the best possible way Going viral on Nigerian national news — 200 million people knowing your face Iraq's holy sites and Shia militant checkpoints — completely shook and most generous country The Yazidis — ISIS called them devil worshippers then enslaved them Finding Yazidis scattered across the Middle East and going to Lalish the holiest place in Yazidism They were very kind people — what Tommy found on the other side of a genocide Three weeks in Israel after October 7th — what the atmosphere was like and what he observed The majority of Israelis he met and what they told him Palestine's travel restrictions — only Jerusalem Palestinians can travel between Tel Aviv and the West Bank Lebanon's civil war history and why Tommy wants to go back during the conflict ***TIMESTAMPS*** 0:00 - Zanzibar Polygamy & His First Viral Video 10:19 - Nigeria Second Most Corrupt Country 18:19 - Iraq's Holy Sites & Shia Militant Checkpoints 31:54 - The Yazidis Enslaved by ISIS 43:59 - Three Weeks in Israel After October 7th 54:59 - Palestine's Travel Restrictions & Lebanon's Civil War @JulianDoreyDaily ​ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

FULL EPISODE: https://youtu.be/xUPHImKLbRY Subscribe Here: @JulianDoreyDaily BARON's LINKS - YT: @realbaronpodcast - X: https://x.com/baroncoleman - IG: https://www.instagram.com/realbaronpodcast/ --- Baron Coleman — the independent investigator and Charlie Kirk assassination analyst who has been more specific and more rigorous in his examination of the case than almost anyone operating publicly — returns to Julian Dorey for the most personally sensitive and most analytically significant segment in the series on this subject. The subject of this conversation is Erika Kirk — Charlie Kirk's widow — and the specific elements of her public behavior in the period following the assassination that Baron Coleman says have consistently set off alarm after alarm in his assessment of the case. The first public walk out. The speech at the memorial. The WWE vibe that he and Danny Jones have discussed in private. The optics problem that most people close to the case have been unwilling to name directly. And the conclusion that Coleman has been reluctant to state bluntly but that the pattern of evidence now compels him to address: Erika Kirk has been a strange disaster — and the scrutiny she has received comes directly from how she has been dealing with everything. Coleman is careful to distinguish between scrutiny that is justified and scrutiny that is unfair. He acknowledges that grief manifests differently in different people and that the public is not owed a specific performance of grief from a widow. What he is examining is not the absence of the expected grief performance. It is specific behavioral and communicative choices that he and others close to the investigation — including Danny Jones — have discussed in detail and that they argue are inconsistent with the picture of a wife processing the violent death of her husband and consistent with something that deserves closer examination. The first walk out thread is the episode's most visually specific contribution. Erika Kirk's first public appearance after the assassination produced reactions among people following the case closely that Coleman describes as immediate and visceral alarm. The specific elements of how she appeared how she moved what she communicated verbally and non-verbally and the overall impression she made on people who had been closely following the case are examined in detail — and the WWE vibe that Coleman and Jones have used in private to describe the theatrical quality of what they observed is not a cruel observation about a grieving widow but a specific and documented analytical response to what they saw. The memorial and the speech thread is the episode's most publicly documented contribution. The memorial service produced a speech that Coleman says set off so many alarms it changed how he saw the broader question of what Erika Kirk's role in this story actually is. He examines specific elements of the speech — specific choices about language framing and emphasis — that he argues are inconsistent with the speech of a grieving widow and consistent with a performance calibrated for a specific audience and a specific purpose. The scrutiny is not random. It is analytical. And it comes from the documented record of what was said and how it was said. **Inside This Clip:** - Erika Kirk's first public walk out after the assassination — what Coleman saw and why it alarmed him - The WWE vibe — what Coleman and Danny Jones mean by it and why they use that specific phrase - Talking to Danny Jones about Erika Kirk's behavior and what they found between them - The memorial speech — specific elements that set off so many alarms for Coleman - Why the speech was inconsistent with how a grieving widow would address this moment - The optics problem — what specific choices have created the scrutiny Erika Kirk is facing - Why Coleman says most of the scrutiny comes directly from how she has been dealing with everything - Everything went wrong — Coleman's most sweeping assessment of the totality of her public response - What the pattern of Erika Kirk's behavior adds to Coleman's overall assessment of the Kirk case - Julian Dorey's reaction to Coleman's most personally sensitive and most analytically significant Kirk assessment This is the Erika Kirk question examined with the analytical rigor and the personal honesty that it deserves — by the one investigator who has been close enough to the case to know what the pattern actually means. --- ***TIMESTAMPS*** 0:00 - Testing .30-06 Rounds Charlie's Turn on Israel & Erika Kirk Optics 18:05 - Everything Went Wrong & What Made Baron Shift on Erika Kirk 28:15 - Internal Problems at TPUSA Charlie Kirk's Security Team & What Killed Charlie 39:07 - Discrepancies in the Footage & Bullet vs Other Means 48:45 - Fragment Photos the 5 Day Kirk Hearing & Tyler Robinson on Campus @JulianDoreyDaily ​ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

WATCH FULL EPISODE: https://youtu.be/SbEng6UYapY Subscribe Here: @JulianDoreyDaily ZACH's LINKS: IG: https://www.instagram.com/zachary.loft/?hl=en YT: https://www.youtube.com/@ZachFoustShow/videos WEBSITE: https://zachary-loft-shop.fourthwall.com/ --- John Kiriakou is one of the most prominent CIA critics in the American public sphere. He was the first US official to confirm the CIA's use of waterboarding as torture. He served 23 months in federal prison after being prosecuted under the Espionage Act. He has appeared on Joe Rogan built a significant Substack following toured Europe with an evening show and become one of the most trusted voices for people who believe the CIA cannot be trusted. And Zach Foust — a rogue investigator who has spent significant time pulling threads on the intelligence community — has developed a specific and documented theory that John Kiriakou is still CIA. Julian Dorey examines the theory the evidence Foust has assembled and what the honest answer to the question actually looks like. The theory is not that Kiriakou lied about going to prison. He went to prison. It is not that his opposition to CIA torture was fabricated. His opposition appears genuine and his prosecution appears to have been genuine. The theory is more specific and more structurally alarming than a simple controlled opposition argument — it is that the CIA's relationship with its most prominent public critics is more complicated than the whistleblower-versus-institution binary that the public narrative presents, that specific elements of Kiriakou's post-prison public positioning serve institutional interests in ways that are worth examining, and that the history of CIA management of its own critics through mechanisms more subtle than prosecution is documented and relevant to how we evaluate public figures who claim to be former intelligence officers speaking truth to power. The evidence Foust presents is specific behavioral and institutional rather than documentary — there is no classified file confirming or denying the theory. What he has assembled is a pattern of specific statements specific omissions specific choices about what to confirm and what to deny and specific moments in Kiriakou's public career where his behavior is more consistent with someone managing a narrative than with someone who has genuinely broken from the institution that imprisoned him. Julian Dorey examines each element of that pattern honestly — acknowledging what it establishes what it does not establish and why the theory deserves serious analytical attention even for people who find it uncomfortable. The Kiriakou-Bustamante conflict adds the most recently relevant context. Kiriakou has taken direct public swipes at Andrew Bustamante's CIA career claims. Julian Dorey examines what that conflict reveals about how intelligence community figures manage public narratives about CIA credentialing — and whether the conflict itself fits the pattern Foust has identified. **Inside This Clip:** - Zach Foust's full theory that John Kiriakou is still CIA — what the theory actually claims - Why the theory is more nuanced and more structurally alarming than simple controlled opposition - The specific behavioral and institutional evidence Foust has assembled for the theory - Why Kiriakou's post-prison public positioning is more consistent with narrative management than genuine rupture - The documented history of CIA managing its own critics through mechanisms more subtle than prosecution - The Kiriakou-Bustamante conflict and what it reveals about how CIA credentialing is managed publicly - Julian Dorey's honest assessment of what the evidence supports and what it does not - Why the theory deserves serious analytical attention even for people who find it uncomfortable - What the honest answer to the Kiriakou still CIA question actually looks like - Why Zach Foust's investigative approach to intelligence community figures matters for how we evaluate public CIA critics This is the theory about John Kiriakou that the intelligence accountability community has been uncomfortable examining — presented by the rogue investigator who pulled the thread and by the host who takes it seriously enough to examine it honestly. --- ***TIMESTAMPS*** 0:00 - Joe Kent, Kiriakou, Zach's Army & Afghanistan Days 10:00 - Prison Kingpins, Afghan Ping Pong, Bin Laden 20:18 - Bin Laden Doubts, Tribalism & the Debt Society 29:46 - Inflation NEVER Stops, 2008, & Federal Reserve 39:52 - Reserve Requirements Hit 0%, Rothschilds, Friedman & Bernanke 57:20 - Telecom Bill 1995, Lutnick & JP Morgan's Bailout @JulianDoreyDaily ​ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

WATCH FULL EPISODE: https://youtu.be/FJfr8iRQN04 Subscribe Here: @JulianDoreyDaily DANNY'S LINKS - YT: @dannyjones - IG: https://www.instagram.com/dannyjones Whitney Webb has a new Satalogic report that rivals her famous Epstein coverage. We analyze the deep state implications here. The video breaks down the latest investigative piece by Whitney Webb, focusing on the Satalogic systems and what they actually imply for global surveillance. It is a dense, high-level analysis that connects the dots between current tech narratives and the broader power structures she has spent her career documenting. We examine the specific mentions of Elon Musk and James Cameron within the context of this new reporting. By comparing the depth of this investigation to her previous work on the Epstein coverage, we look at how these influential figures interact with the systems Webb describes. This is a breakdown for those who want the full context behind the headlines. Subscribe for weekly long-form breakdowns, and let us know in the comments if you want a deeper look at the Whitney Webb archives. ***TIMESTAMPS*** 0:00 - Pure Spec, Flock Cameras & Milei's NASA Ties 11:35 - Why the Money Leads to Peter Thiel 23:12 - Cartel Money Laundering & China's Red Nobility 31:29 - Chabad, End Times & the Moon Landing Debate 49:02 - Nazi Nuke Tests & MK Ultra Ties @JulianDoreyDaily ​ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices