By the 1990s, a faction of Irish republicans were turning away from militancy and setting their sights on peace. A political future for the campaign would require more money, more lobbying, and even deeper engagement with the United States – though not with Irish Northern Aid, now tainted by its long association with the IRA. Instead, Noraid was wound down, causing splits and divisions that linger to this day. Yet the IRA’s American support group has had a strange afterlife, as Nate Lavey investigates in the final episode of Foreign Agent. With the Good Friday Agreement in the rear view mirror, did Noraid help the IRA on one last job? The interview with Michael Flannery is part of the NYU Oral History Archive of Irish America. The interview with Brendan Hughes is from the film Voices from the Grave and is courtesy of Ed Moloney, and the interview with George Harrison was recorded by Matthew Siegfried in 2004. Thanks to: Dov Weinryb Grosghal, Arielle Angel, Wilson Sherwin, Josh Nathan-Kazis, Sam McBride, Zach Vary, Donal Foreman, Colin Archdeacon, Chelsea Converse, Claire Devoogd, Corey Eastwood, Michael Casper, Steven Methven, Peter Smith, and Jess MilNeil Hosted by Nate Lavey Produced by Nate Lavey and Michael McCanne Original music by Matt Huxley https://novara.media/ForeignAgent

*Corrected file* Noraid has been portrayed on screen many times, usually in the background of stories about terrorism and gunrunning. While TV shows and movies like Columbo, Patriot Games and The Devil’s Own aren’t exactly high art, they do reveal how the class politics of Irish America were understood (and misrepresented) by Hollywood. In this bonus episode, Nate Lavey takes a look at on-screen IRA gunrunners and their federal agency enemies, as portrayed by the likes of Harrison Ford, Brad Pitt and Sean Bean. Columbo was produced by Universal Television for NBC. Patriot Games was directed by Phillip Noyce and produced by Mace Neufeld and Robert Rehme. The Devil’s Own was directed by Alan Pakula and produced by Lawrence Gordon and Robert Colesberry. Black Mass was directed by Scott Cooper and produced by John Lesher and Brian Oliver. Hosted by Nate Lavey Produced by Nate Lavey and Michael McCanne Original music by Matt Huxley https://novara.media/ForeignAgent

As the Troubles dragged on, IRA volunteers at the Maze Prison decided to go on hunger strike in 1980 and 1981. Their decision would change everything for the IRA — and for Noraid. The protest garnered sympathy from around the world and sparked outrage in the Irish American community. Noraid rallied outside the British embassy, burned Margaret Thatcher in effigy, and made new in-roads with the American media. After a decade of losing momentum, they were back on the streets and squaring off against the American, British and Irish governments. But a split was emerging between the armed campaign and the political wing of the movement. Should the future be decided by Armalite or the ballot box? Further reading: Irish America and the Ulster Conflict by Andrew Wilson Noraid and the Northern Ireland Troubles, 1970-1994 by Robert Collins “A Battalion of Spies” by Ed Moloney on thebrokenelbow.com “‘It was networking, all networking’: the Irish republican movement’s survival in Cold War America” by Danielle Zach The interview with Michael Flannery is courtesy of the Tamiment Library at New York University. Hosted by Nate Lavey Produced by Nate Lavey and Michael McCanne Original music by Matt Huxley https://novara.media/ForeignAgent

For decades, a quiet armored truck driver living in Brooklyn ran thousands of guns to the IRA. He was born in Ireland and dedicated to the Republican cause. He was also a committed socialist, who believed the anti-imperial struggle in Ireland was connected to the struggle of African-Americans, Cubans and Vietnamese. When he wasn’t handing out flyers or walking the picket lines, he was running an international arms network which took weapons pilfered from US military bases and smuggled them to IRA volunteers. But at the height of his success, a federal investigation forced him into the limelight. In the ensuing trial, Irish Republicans made him into a hero, but a question always lingered about his gun running: was the CIA in on it? Further reading: The American Connection by Jack Holland Irish America and the Ulster Conflict by Andrew Wilson The Trial of the IRA Five by Thomas Fox Noraid and the Northern Ireland Troubles, 1970-1994 by Robert Collins “The Patriot Game” by Shana Alexander in New York Magazine The interview with George Harrison was recorded by Matthew Siegfried in 2004. The interviews with Chuck Laverty and Michael Flannery are courtesy of the Tamiment Library at New York University.

For over 100 years, Irish revolutionaries hoping to drive the British out of Ireland looked to the United States for money and support. They also looked across the Atlantic for new technology that might give them an advantage, including homemade surface-to-air missiles and even the world’s first modern submarine. In this bonus episode, we explore two cases — a century apart — which show just how far Irish republicans would go to take the war into the air and below the waves. Further reading: IRA, the Bombs & the Bullets: A History of Deadly Ingenuity by A.R. Oppenheimer Hosted by Nate Lavey Produced by Nate Lavey and Michael McCanne Original music by Matt Huxley https://novara.media/ForeignAgent

After Bloody Sunday in 1972, Irish Northern Aid saw its power, influence and donations increase dramatically — but a higher profile brought new enemies. Secretly, the Federal Bureau of Investigation turned its sights on Noraid: auditing their books, cultivating informers and staking out meetings. On the public stage, Irish American politicians like Ted Kennedy, who had once wooed voters with their militant rhetoric against the British, began working to turn the community away from the IRA. An array of powerful actors had finally taken notice and were ready to clamp down. But Noraid had some moves of its own to make. Further reading: The American Connection by Jack Holland Irish America and the Ulster Conflict by Andrew Wilson The Provisional IRA: From Insurrection to Parliament by Tommy McKearney ‘It was networking, all networking’: the Irish republican movement’s survival in Cold War America by Danielle Zach Hosted by Nate Lavey Produced by Nate Lavey and Michael McCanne Original music by Matt Huxley https://novara.media/ForeignAgent

In 1927, the Irish republican Michael Flannery emigrated from the quiet backroads of Tipperary to the crowded streets of New York City, swapping a life of rebellion for a humdrum career in life insurance. But the Irish American community hadn’t forgotten about the old country, and as the Troubles began in Northern Ireland, Flannery found himself at the heart of the campaign to end British rule. In episode two of Foreign Agent, Flannery’s life story unlocks the roots of anti-colonial struggle in Ireland and how the Irish became white in America. We trace the history of Noraid, the organisation he helped to found, and the political tensions threatening to rupture the republican movement. Further reading: Irish America and the Ulster Conflict by Andrew Wilson Noraid and the Northern Ireland Troubles, 1970-1994 by Robert Collins The Provisional IRA by Tommy McKearney Ireland, Colonialism, and the Unfinished Revolution by Robbie McVeigh and Bill Rolston How the Irish Became White by Noel Ignatiev Black and Green by Brian Dooley Enemies and Passing Friends by Pamela Clayton “Irish Republicans in Inter-war New York” and “The Politics of Noraid” by Brian Hanley The interviews recorded with Michael Flannery and Martin Lyons are courtesy of the Tamiment Library at New York University. Hosted by Nate Lavey Produced by Nate Lavey and Michael McCanne Original music by Matt Huxley https://novara.media/ForeignAgent

When six suitcases full of guns are discovered on an Irish dock in 1971, suspicion falls on a newly founded organisation of Irish Americans known as Noraid. For nearly 30 years, the US, British and Irish governments accused the group of being a front for the Provisional IRA and of funnelling weapons and cash from the pockets of Irish America to the coffers of the socialist guerillas. But could they prove it? In episode one of Foreign Agent, host Nate Lavey explains how militant Irish nationalism took hold in the bars and social clubs of the Irish American diaspora, and recounts how the appearance of an iconic American rifle on the streets of Belfast led to a courtroom drama in Texas, ending in embarrassment for the American and British governments. Further reading: Irish America and the Ulster Conflict by Andrew Wilson A Secret History of the IRA by Ed Moloney The Lost Revolution by Brian Hanley and Scott Millar The interviews recorded with Matthias Reilly and Pascal Morahan are courtesy of the Tamiment Library at New York University. The interview with Brendan Hughes is from the film Voices from the Grave and is courtesy of Ed Moloney. Hosted by Nate Lavey Produced by Nate Lavey and Michael McCanne Original music by Matt Huxley https://novara.media/ForeignAgent