Counselor Toolbox Podcast with DocSnipes

Overview of Personality Disorders Definition: Key Features: Inflexible and Pervasive Behavior: Present across various contexts. Early Onset: Behavior is stable and typically begins in adolescence or early adulthood. Exclusion Criteria: Must rule out other mental disorders, medical conditions, or substance use as primary causes. Common Diagnostic Challenges Overlap with Other Disorders: Trauma Considerations: . Specific Personality Disorders and Trauma-Informed Perspectives Paranoid Personality Disorder: Mnemonic: "SUSPECT" - Suspiciousness, unforgiving, perceives attacks, etc. Trauma Link: May develop from environments with distrust or betrayal. Schizoid Personality Disorder: Mnemonic: "DISTANT" - Detached, indifferent to praise/criticism, tasks done solitarily, etc. Trauma Link: Chronic exposure to trauma may lead to emotional numbing and detachment. Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Mnemonic: "ME PECULIAR" - Magical thinking, eccentric behavior, anxiety in social situations, etc. Trauma Link: Development of odd beliefs or behaviors may stem from a need to cope with a traumatic environment. Avoidant Personality Disorder: Mnemonic: "CRINGES" - Certainty of being liked, rejection preoccupies thoughts, intimacy restrained, etc. Trauma Link: Likely related to experiences of rejection or abandonment, leading to extreme caution in relationships. Dependent Personality Disorder: Mnemonic: "RELIANCE" - Reassurance required, expressing disagreement difficult, life responsibilities assumed by others, etc. Trauma Link: Often linked to enmeshed or controlling family environments, where independence was discouraged. Antisocial Personality Disorder: Mnemonic: "CORRUPT" - Conformity to law lacking, obligations ignored, reckless, etc. Trauma Link: May develop from a criminogenic environment or chronic trauma leading to a disregard for societal norms. Borderline Personality Disorder: Mnemonic: "AM SUICIDE" - Abandonment fears, mood instability, suicidal behaviors, etc. Trauma Link: Strongly associated with early abandonment or chaotic environments. Histrionic Personality Disorder: Mnemonic: "PRAISE ME" - Provocative behavior, relationships considered more intimate than they are, uncomfortable not being center of attention, etc. Trauma Link: May develop as a way to gain attention in emotionally neglectful environments. Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Mnemonic: "SPECIAL" - Believes they are special, preoccupied with fantasies of success, lacks empathy, etc. Trauma Link: Possible development as a defense mechanism in response to trauma or low self-esteem. Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder: Mnemonic: "LAW FIRMS" - Loses point of activity due to detail, friendships excluded due to work, inflexible, etc. Trauma Link: Rigidity and control may arise from environments where safety and predictability were lacking. Differential Diagnosis and Considerations Rule Out Other Disorders: Mood disorders with psychotic features. Autism spectrum disorders. Substance use disorders. Importance of Context: Acculturation and Intergenerational Trauma: Treatment and Systemic Considerations Personality Disorder Stigma: Trauma-Informed Care: Treatment Barriers: Chapters: 00:00:00 - Differential Diagnosis of Personality Disorders from a Trauma-Informed Perspective 00:06:56 - Characteristics of Paranoid Personality Disorder 00:13:38 - Trauma's effect on mood and libido 00:20:22 - Unusual Perceptions and Magical Thinking 00:27:13 - Characteristics of Dependent Personality Disorder 00:33:59 - Borderline Personality Characteristics 00:40:54 - Differential Diagnosis and Co-occurring Disorders 00:47:27 - Differential Diagnosis of Personality Disorders 00:54:12 - Differentiating Personality Disorders from Other Conditions Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Here is a structured bullet-point summary of the video titled "Restoring Your Marriage with God: Developing Endurance" presented by Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes: --- Introduction Presenter: Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes Topic: Developing endurance in marriage, guided by biblical principles. Key Idea: Marriage involves enduring both good and bad times, as reflected in traditional wedding vows. Understanding Endurance Definition: Endurance is the courage to face and overcome difficult situations, motivated by hope for improvement. Biblical Basis: Romans 5:3-4: Suffering leads to endurance, which builds character and hope. James 1:12: Endurance through trials results in the Crown of Life from God. Endurance in Personal Responsibility Admitting Mistakes: It's often easier to endure others' faults than to acknowledge and face consequences for our own. Example: Recognizing personal faults and enduring correction, as advised in Proverbs 15:32. Biblical Examples of Endurance Enduring Personal Mistakes: Adam and Eve: Expelled from Eden after disobeying God. Noah: Endured the flood and later faced consequences for getting drunk. Other Figures: Abraham, Aaron, the Israelites, Moses, Jonah, David—each faced and endured the consequences of their actions. Enduring Others’ Mistakes: Jacob: Tricked into marrying Leah instead of Rachel. Joseph: Endured slavery and false accusations. Other Figures: Moses, Ruth, Naomi, Job, and David all endured hardships caused by others' actions. Applying Endurance in Marriage Self-Reflection: Reflect on personal experiences where endurance was necessary (e.g., parenting, personal growth). Identify risks needed to repair a marriage, such as speaking the truth or rebuilding trust. Motivational Enhancement: Focus on long-term benefits of enduring and working on relationships. Increase motivation by recognizing small achievements and progress. Practical Tools for Endurance Distress Tolerance: MAD Technique: Be Mindful, Accept feelings, Down-regulate stress. Dialectics: Embrace both the good and bad aspects of life and relationships. Tragic Optimism: Acknowledge difficulties while maintaining hope for improvement. Handling Resistance in Counseling: Explore reasons behind resistance to change. Ensure both partners understand the purpose and benefits of suggested changes. Additional Considerations Commitment, Control, Challenge (Heartiness): Commitment: Review what's important in life and allocate energy accordingly. Control: Identify aspects of life where control is possible and make plans to manage them. Challenge: View obstacles as challenges to overcome rather than insurmountable barriers. Repairing Attachment: C.A.R.E.S. Mnemonic: Focus on Consistent mindfulness, Attention, Response, Empathy, and Support. Rebuild trust and faith in one another through enduring commitment and small steps of progress. Conclusion Endurance in Recovery: Essential for the success of counseling and improving relationships. Biblical Insight: Resistance is a sign of fear or lack of tools to change; seek strength in faith, as exemplified by Jonah's prayer in distress. --- Chapters: 00:00:00 - Developing Endurance in Your Marriage 00:04:21 - The Endurance of Mistakes and Fallout 00:08:59 - Endurance in the Bible 00:13:19 - Increasing Motivation for Growth 00:17:29 - Distress Tolerance Skills in Relationships 00:21:51 - Calming Down and Having Productive Discussions 00:26:01 - Overcoming Resistance to Change 00:30:10 - Building Endurance and Courage in Relationships 00:34:08 - Making a Plan and Facing Challenges 00:38:16 - Increasing Endurance through Effective Communication Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

### Treatment Planning - **Importance**: Many clinicians and interns struggle with writing effective treatment plans. - **Tools**:  - **Integrative Summary**: Provides an executive summary of the patient's story, supports diagnosis, and identifies problems to drive treatment planning.  - **Standardized Instruments**: Used for guiding treatment planning, such as FARS, CANS, ASAM, and LOCUS.    ### Integrated Summary - **Purpose**: Summarizes the patient’s condition, diagnosis, and impacts of identified problems. - **Use**: Drives treatment planning by connecting symptoms to the diagnosis and planning interventions. - **Key Components**:  - Summarize presenting problems and evidence of impairments.  - Define the diagnosis and support it with evidence.  - Provide treatment recommendations.  - Include a relapse prevention plan. ### Reassessment - **Purpose**: Evaluate patient progress, note any changes in their condition, and adjust treatment plans as needed. - **Frequency**: Recommended to be done at least monthly to ensure up-to-date care. - **Components**:  - Reassess the patient’s current status.  - Evaluate progress on goals and identify new challenges or strengths.  - Adjust treatment plan accordingly. ### Standardized Instruments - **FARS (Functional Assessment Rating Scale)**:  - Evaluates various symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and cognitive performance.  - Helps in tracking progress by rating symptoms at regular intervals. - **CANS (Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths)**:  - Focused on trauma and development issues in children and adolescents.  - Considers family, developmental needs, trauma, and substance use. - **LOCUS (Level of Care Utilization System)**:  - Assesses risk of harm, functional status, and recovery environment.  - Used often with clients to determine the appropriate level of care. - **ASAM (American Society of Addiction Medicine Criteria)**:  - Measures the need for treatment in six dimensions, including substance use and biomedical conditions.  - Broad and effective for evaluating comprehensive needs. ### Effective Treatment Planning - **Goals**: Set measurable and achievable targets. - **Client Involvement**: Engage the client in the planning process to ensure motivation and adherence. - **Reassessment**: Conduct frequent reassessments to monitor progress, identify obstacles, and adjust plans as needed. ### Common Pitfalls in Treatment Planning - **Lack of Measurable Goals**: Goals should be specific and measurable. - **Insufficient Client Feedback**: Clients should be involved in their treatment planning process to ensure they are motivated and invested. - **Failure to Reassess Frequently**: Regular reassessments are critical to adjusting treatment plans and maintaining client motivation. ### Time-Effective Strategies - **Client Participation**: Involving clients in the treatment planning and documentation process. - **Use of Worksheets**: Clients fill out treatment planning worksheets at home, focusing on what's important to them and identifying problems. ### Conclusion - **Empowerment**: When clients participate in the treatment planning process, they are more empowered and motivated. - **Concurrent Documentation**: Involving clients in documentation during sessions can improve their engagement and understanding of the treatment process. Chapters: 00:00:00 - Treatment Planning and Reassessment 00:05:21 - Supporting Diagnoses with Evidence 00:10:34 - Integrated Summaries and Reassessments 00:15:45 - Treatment Plan and Family Involvement 00:20:56 - Enhancing Motivation and Reassessing Progress in Treatment 00:26:01 - Identifying Resources and Strengths 00:31:41 - Assessing Presenting Issues and Needs for Treatment 00:37:09 - Addressing Fatigue: Learning and Planning 00:42:37 - Client Participation in Treatment Process Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

(Release was delayed, unreleased episode 980) ### Summary of the Video **Introduction** - Welcome to Part Three of Interpersonal Skills series. - Focus on how past impacts present relationships, especially primary attachment relationships. - Host: Dr. Donell Snipes. - Objectives: Identify signs of relationship insecurities, explore past relationships' impact on present ones, and identify interventions for addressing relationship insecurities. **Signs of Relationship Insecurities** - Difficulty trusting partner. - Regularly comparing oneself or partner to others. - Requiring frequent reassurance. - Anxiety when separated. - Internalizing negative thoughts and creating self-fulfilling prophecies. - Feeling of distance or detachment. - Reading negative into partner’s words or actions. **Impact of Past Relationships** - Past relationships, including primary attachment and friendships, influence current relationships. - Carrying baggage from past relationships can impact new relationships. - Holding current partners responsible for past hurts. - Idealizing past relationships and comparing them to present ones. **Unhealthy Relationship Characteristics** - Chaos, abuse, neglect, boundary violations, invalidation. - Appearance-focused rather than genuine connection. - Role reversals in parent-child dynamics. - Low self-esteem and feeling inadequate despite best efforts. - Difficulty trusting people due to past unpredictability. **Interventions and Activities** 1. **Relationship Inventory:**   - Assess primary attachment relationships and significant adult relationships.   - Identify learned behaviors and characteristics from these relationships. 2. **Brick and Backpack Activity:**   - Write names of past relationships on bricks, carry them in a backpack.   - Reflect on the weight and impact of carrying past relationship baggage. 3. **Venn Diagrams:**   - Compare and contrast past and current relationships to identify unique aspects. 4. **Collage and Advertising Campaign:**   - Create a collage of self-appreciation.   - Develop an advertising campaign highlighting personal strengths. 5. **Thought Stopping and Handling Hecklers:**   - Techniques to manage and redirect negative self-talk. 6. **Heartbreak Pot:**   - Break and reassemble a terracotta pot, symbolizing healing and support systems. **Embracing Imperfection and Communication** - Accepting that neither partner will be perfect 100% of the time. - Importance of open communication and mindfulness. - Articulating needs and expectations clearly. - Developing rules for resolving challenges. - Regular self and relationship maintenance. **Grieving Past Relationships** - Understanding the grieving process for past relationships. - Reviewing messages received about dealing with loss. - Identifying and processing continuing issues from past relationships. **Summary** - Recognizing and addressing insecurities stemming from past relationships. - Importance of self-awareness, communication, and maintenance in healthy relationships. - Encouragement to embrace imperfections and work towards synergistic partnerships. --- ### Major Time Codes 0:00 Introduction by Dr. Donell Snipes, overview of session objectives. 3:20 Signs of relationship insecurities, common indicators of problems. 10:15 Impact of past relationships on current dynamics, carrying baggage. 18:45 Unhealthy relationship characteristics, examples and consequences. 26:30 Interventions and activities, practical exercises for addressing issues. 39:00 Embracing imperfection and communication, tips for healthier interactions. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

### Summary #### Introduction - Presenter: Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes - Topic: Understanding triggers and cravings - Goals: Define triggers and cravings, identify personal triggers, and discuss coping methods #### Defining Triggers and Cravings - **Triggers**: Anything prompting a rewarding or survival response.  - Examples: Touch (hot stove), sounds (alarm clock), sights (child's smile), smells (fall air), places (dentist's office), people (reminding you of someone), situations (new job). - **Cravings**: Repetitive, consuming thoughts or desires caused by triggers.  - Example: Food commercials triggering hunger at night. #### Components of Triggers 1. **Sensory Awareness**:   - Body perceives a stimulus and sends it to the brain.   - Brain retrieves a schema to interpret and respond to the stimulus.   - Neurochemical release depending on the schema (fight or flight, pleasure). 2. **Cognitive Awareness**:   - Includes flashbacks and intrusive thoughts.   - Brain determines how to handle the situation based on past experiences. 3. **Systemic Awareness**:   - Body notices imbalances (blood sugar, dopamine levels).   - Brain looks for past coping mechanisms to address the imbalance. #### Coping with Triggers and Cravings 1. **Identify Personal Triggers**:   - Recognize triggers for specific feelings, thoughts, and behaviors.   - Example: Hunger, tiredness, environmental factors (places, times of day). 2. **Developing Awareness**:   - Be mindful of surroundings and internal states.   - Journal recent triggers and analyze early warning signs. 3. **Increase Positive Triggers**:   - Enhance the environment with positive stimuli (pictures, smells, music). 4. **Addressing Negative Triggers**:   - Reduce or manage negative triggers (broken locks, unsafe situations).   - Use coping strategies like deep breathing, meditation, exercise. #### Practical Strategies 1. **Four Square Breathing**:    - Trigger relaxation response by deep breathing. 2. **Loving Kindness Meditation**:   - Reduce stress response by fostering positive emotions. 3. **Increase Physical Safety**:   - Modify environment to reduce stress (mirrors, locked doors). 4. **Address Comfort and Ergonomics**:   - Improve physical comfort to enhance mood and focus. 5. **Build Positive Relationships**:   - Use assertive communication and manage boundaries to feel secure. 6. **Recondition Responses**:   - Change associations with negative triggers (e.g., payday as positive).   - Make triggers more unpleasant if necessary (e.g., Antabuse for alcohol). 7. **Mindfulness and Journaling**:   - Reflect on triggers and responses to understand and manage them better. #### Handling Cravings 1. **Stop, Look, Listen, and Feel**:   - Recognize cravings as clues to unmet needs. 2. **Alternative Actions**:   - Identify what is truly needed and find healthier ways to fulfill that need. 3. **Dealing with Persistent Cravings**:   - Understand cravings as similar to a child's tantrum; resisting strengthens resolve. ### Time Codes for Major Points 00:00 Introduction and goals of the video 02:00 Definition and examples of triggers 06:30 Components of triggers (sensory, cognitive, systemic) 10:45 Understanding cravings and their impact 15:30 Identifying personal triggers and increasing awareness 20:00 Developing positive triggers and addressing negative ones 25:45 Practical strategies for coping with triggers 30:00 Handling cravings and alternative actions 35:00 Reflecting on personal experiences and journaling Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

### Summary #### Introduction - Presenter: Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes - Topic: Listening without defensiveness - Goals: Understanding causes of defensiveness, enhancing assertiveness, and reducing defensiveness #### Understanding Defensiveness - **Defensiveness**: Indicates a lack of safety; behavior or feeling when feeling unsafe. - **Causes**:  - Prior negative experiences (verbal/physical aggression, invalidation).  - Low self-esteem leading to fear of rejection.  - Triggering topics related to trauma or powerlessness. #### Creating Safety 1. **Recognize Emotional State**:   - Defensiveness arises from feeling unsafe or powerless.   - Brain prioritizes fight or flight over processing information. 2. **Criticism vs. Behavior**:   - Separate criticism of behavior from criticism of self.   - Understand that feedback is about actions, not personal worth. 3. **Constructive Feedback**:   - Take useful parts of feedback and leave the rest.   - Consider the intention behind feedback; if it's aggressive, set boundaries. #### Enhancing Communication 1. **Realistic Expectations**:   - Not everyone will like you or your actions.   - Nurture multiple sources of support. 2. **Set and Maintain Boundaries**:   - Physical, emotional, and cognitive boundaries.   - Communicate discomfort and establish respectful interactions. 3. **Self-Esteem**:   - Confidence reduces defensiveness.   - Respect differing opinions without feeling threatened. #### Strategies to Reduce Defensiveness 1. **Empathy and Curiosity**:   - Understand differing perspectives.   - Explore underlying reasons behind others' views. 2. **Manage Reactions**:   - Reflect and ground yourself when feeling defensive.   - Validate others' experiences without agreeing. 3. **Objective Language**:   - Use "I" statements to express feelings without blame.   - Avoid vague or accusatory language. #### Practical Steps 1. **Ground Rules**:   - Establish clear boundaries for interactions.   - Ensure safe environments for discussions. 2. **Avoid Mind Reading**:   - Don't assume intentions behind others' words.   - Focus on one issue at a time during conflicts. 3. **Rehearse and Prepare**:   - Practice conversations to build confidence.   - Identify triggers and prepare responses. 4. **Apologize When Necessary**:   - Acknowledge mistakes to build trust and reduce defensiveness. 5. **Collaborative Solutions**:   - Work towards win-win outcomes.   - Respectfully disagree and find common ground. ### Time Codes for Major Points 00:00 Introduction and goals of the video 02:00 Understanding defensiveness and its causes 05:45 Creating safety in communication 08:30 Criticism vs. behavior and constructive feedback 12:15 Realistic expectations and nurturing support 15:00 Setting and maintaining boundaries 20:00 Enhancing self-esteem and respecting opinions 25:00 Empathy, curiosity, and managing reactions 30:00 Using objective language and practical steps 35:00 Rehearsal and preparation for difficult conversations 38:00 Apologizing and collaborative solutions Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

### Summary #### Introduction - Presenter: Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes - Topic: Toxic guilt and shame - signs, causes, and solutions - Goals: Understanding guilt and shame, their causes, effects, and ways to overcome them #### Definitions and Differences - **Guilt**: Anger at oneself for a behavior; feeling you did something wrong. - **Shame**: Feeling that you are inherently bad; about the person, not just behavior. - Importance of separating behavior from self-worth. #### Healthy vs. Toxic Guilt - **Healthy Guilt**:  - Motivates positive change and learning.  - Anger at oneself for a behavior or omission.  - Helps align actions with values. - **Toxic Guilt**:  - Drains energy and erodes self-esteem.  - Leads to ongoing self-anger without productive action.  - Often paired with shame. #### Effects of Toxic Guilt - Continuous stress response activation. - Desperate attempts to prove worth. - Leads to behaviors like fawning or overcompensating. #### Causes of Toxic Guilt - Holding onto “shoulds” imposed by others or oneself. - Feeling responsible for things outside one’s control. - Survivor’s guilt and guilt over others' feelings. - Guilt for not being perfect or successful. - Societal and familial messages about worth and success. #### Solutions and Strategies 1. **Identify the Source**:   - Determine if the guilt stems from internal values or external pressures.   - Evaluate the “shoulds” and decide if they align with personal values. 2. **Healthy Boundaries**:   - Recognize and assert personal beliefs and values.   - Don’t let others dictate what should make you feel guilty. 3. **Cognitive Restructuring**:   - Write down situations causing guilt.   - Distinguish between controllable and uncontrollable aspects.   - Use energy positively to address controllable factors. 4. **Acceptance and Letting Go**:   - Accept that some things are beyond control.   - Reflect on personal growth and changes over time.   - Practice self-compassion for past mistakes. 5. **Self-Care**:   - Prioritize personal well-being to prevent burnout.   - View self-care as a model for others. 6. **Assertiveness**:   - Stand firm in personal beliefs even when others disagree.   - Practice expressing your values respectfully. #### Practical Steps - Write down situations causing guilt. - Identify controllable and uncontrollable aspects. - Take action on what you can control. - Reflect on whether you’ve done all you can. - Accept powerlessness over some outcomes. - Practice forgiveness and self-compassion. - Set and maintain healthy boundaries. - Model self-care and healthy boundaries for others. ### Time Codes for Major Points 00:00 Introduction and overview of toxic guilt and shame 02:15 Differences between guilt and shame 05:00 Healthy guilt vs. toxic guilt 08:45 Effects of toxic guilt on stress and behavior 12:30 Causes of toxic guilt 18:00 Solutions and strategies for overcoming toxic guilt 25:45 Importance of healthy boundaries 30:00 Cognitive restructuring and acceptance 35:00 Practical steps to manage guilt and promote self-care Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

#### Introduction - Presenter: Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes - Topic: Theories of addiction and co-occurring disorders - Focus on understanding and addressing co-occurring disorders in addiction treatment #### Co-Occurring Disorders - Expectation rather than the exception in addiction treatment - Importance of addressing co-occurring symptoms to prevent relapse - Symptoms can include depression, anxiety, PTSD, and personality disorders #### Theories of Addiction 1. **Moral Theory**   - Addiction seen as a moral weakness   - Treatment focused on willpower and virtuous lifestyle   - Largely outdated 2. **Disease Theory**   - Addiction as a chronic, incurable, and progressive disease   - Genetic and biological factors play a significant role   - Focus on physiological deficits and neurotransmitter imbalances 3. **Social Learning Theory**   - Addiction learned through observation and vicarious reinforcement   - Influence of family, peers, and media on addictive behaviors 4. **Cognitive-Behavioral Theory**   - Irrational thoughts and cognitive distortions lead to addiction   - Addressing negative thinking patterns is crucial for recovery 5. **Self-Medication Hypothesis**   - Addiction as a way to cope with distress and emotional pain   - Individuals use substances or behaviors to manage unbearable feelings 6. **Biopsychosocial Model**   - Comprehensive approach combining biological, psychological, and social factors   - Recognizes the interplay of various elements in the development of addiction #### Key Symptoms in Early Recovery - Depression: Hopelessness, low energy, guilt, suicidal ideation - Anxiety: Increased worry, irritability, restlessness - PTSD: Emotional dysregulation, hypervigilance, avoidance - Personality Disorders: Unstable self-image, interpersonal functioning deficits #### Importance of Comprehensive Treatment - Addressing all aspects of a person's life for effective recovery - Combining different treatment models for a holistic approach ### Time Codes for Major Points 00:00 Introduction and overview of addiction and co-occurring disorders 02:30 Co-occurring disorders are the expectation, not the exception 05:15 Symptoms in early recovery: Depression, anxiety, PTSD 10:45 Theories of addiction: Moral theory, disease theory 15:00 Social learning theory and socio-cultural factors 20:30 Cognitive-behavioral theory and cognitive distortions 25:45 Self-medication hypothesis and distress management 30:00 Biopsychosocial model and comprehensive treatment approach Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

**Summary: How Schema Affect Anxiety and Depression by Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes** [Watch the video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k8SL2ZbWVFE) **Outline Summary:** 1. **Introduction**   - Presenter: Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes   - Topic: How Schema Affect Anxiety and Depression   - Objectives: Define schema, explain formation, discuss inaccuracies, and identify strategies to address unhelpful schema 2. **Understanding Schema**   - Definition: Mental representations or beliefs about people or events   - Examples: Traffic lights, doctor visits, job interviews, news media, flu season, stock market   - Function: Help anticipate and interpret future situations 3. **Formation of Schema**   - Based on interpretation and memories of experiences   - Influenced by age, prior experiences, cognitive development, and metacognition   - Example: Childhood experiences with a teacher or parent 4. **General Categories of Schema**   - **Security and Abandonment**: Safety in relationships and self-worth   - **Trust and Safety**: General trustworthiness of others   - **Emotional Support vs. Deprivation**: Support in managing emotions   - **Self-Determination**: Control over life and vulnerability   - **Positivity vs. Negativity**: Optimism vs. pessimism   - **Acceptance vs. Hypercriticalness**: Self-acceptance vs. self-criticism   - **Competence vs. Defectiveness**: Capability vs. feeling broken   - **Independence vs. Dependence**: Reliance on others   - **Belongingness vs. Alienation**: Sense of fitting in vs. rejection 5. **Impact of Schema on Anxiety and Depression**   - Negative schema lead to feelings of hopelessness, helplessness, and anxiety   - Positive schema promote feelings of safety, empowerment, and self-worth 6. **Adjusting Outdated or Inaccurate Schema**   - Schema may be outdated or based on inaccurate interpretations   - Recognize and update schema based on current facts and experiences   - Example: Adjusting schema about medical conditions like cancer or HIV 7. **Strategies to Address Unhelpful Schema**   - **Identify and Evaluate Current Schema**: Understand thoughts contributing to distress   - **Address Cognitive Distortions**: Overgeneralization and personalization   - **Explore Schema with Fresh Eyes**: Re-evaluate old situations   - **Schema Restructuring**: Develop new, healthier schema   - **Notice and Focus on Positives**: Encourage a balanced view 8. **Practical Application**   - Consistency and predictability in caregiving   - Emotional and cognitive responsiveness   - Acceptance, attention, and validation   - Safety and support in solution generation **Time Codes for Major Points:** 0:00 Introduction by Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes 2:45 Understanding Schema 7:30 Formation of Schema 15:20 General Categories of Schema 23:40 Impact of Schema on Anxiety and Depression 33:10 Adjusting Outdated or Inaccurate Schema 41:50 Strategies to Address Unhelpful Schema 54:30 Practical Application Feel free to ask if you need further details or a more in-depth explanation on any part of the video! Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

**Summary: Post-Acute Withdrawal Syndrome (PAWS) by Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes** [Watch the video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UEDayQBJXkA) **Outline Summary:** 1. **Introduction**   - Presenter: Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes   - Topic: Post-Acute Withdrawal Syndrome (PAWS)   - Objectives: Understand PAWS, its causes, and coping strategies 2. **What is PAWS?**   - Definition: PAWS stands for Post-Acute Withdrawal Syndrome   - Affects people who have engaged in addictive behaviors   - Results from brain changes due to substance use   - Duration: Can last up to a year or more after acute withdrawal 3. **Factors Influencing PAWS**   - **Substance Use History**: Length and intensity of substance use   - **Age of Onset**: Younger users have more significant brain changes   - **Gender Differences**: Affects men and women differently   - **Physical and Mental Health**: Poor health and underlying mental issues exacerbate PAWS 4. **Causes of PAWS Symptoms**   - Memories of substance use trigger cravings and irritability   - Neurochemical changes: Altered dopamine, glutamate, and monoamine oxidase levels   - Detoxification effects: Opposite symptoms during detox compared to substance use 5. **Common Symptoms of PAWS**   - Emotional outbursts or lack of emotion   - Anxiety, irritability, depression, and anhedonia   - Difficulty dealing with stress and fatigue   - Sleep disturbances and strange dreams   - Cognitive impairments: Memory problems, difficulty making decisions 6. **Coping Strategies for PAWS**   - **Meditation and Breathing**: Helps modulate HPA axis response   - **Support Systems**: Engage sober social supports   - **Exercise**: Improves stress tolerance and brain health   - **Sleep Hygiene**: Ensure regular sleep patterns and quality sleep   - **Awareness and Mindfulness**: Regular check-ins on emotional and physical state   - **Pleasurable Activities**: Increase dopamine and other positive neurochemicals   - **Healthy Eating**: Provide the body with necessary nutrients   - **Relaxation Techniques**: Promote secretion of calming neurochemicals like GABA 7. **Long-term Recovery and PAWS Management**   - Expect PAWS symptoms for at least the first year   - Integrate recovery with stress minimization   - Gradual rebalancing of brain neurotransmitters   - Maintain a plan for handling PAWS symptoms **Time Codes for Major Points:** 0:00 Introduction by Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes 2:30 What is PAWS? 7:15 Factors Influencing PAWS 12:00 Causes of PAWS Symptoms 20:00 Common Symptoms of PAWS 27:45 Coping Strategies for PAWS 40:00 Long-term Recovery and PAWS Management Feel free to ask if you need further details or a more in-depth explanation on any part of the video! Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices