To commemorate the 25th Anniversary of the 9/11 attacks, Aimen and Thomas take a deeper, wider look at the historical, ideological, and geopolitical context on either side of that momentous world-changing event.They discuss: Was 9/11 an ending as well as a beginning? Al-Qaeda’s attacks as the culmination of decades of revolution, failed political projects and Cold War conflict. The myth of the peaceful 1990s: a decade remembered for Western optimism but experienced elsewhere through war, state collapse and economic upheaval. America inherited a geopolitical mess: the Soviet collapse created opportunities for US dominance—and left behind dependent regimes, armed movements and unresolved conflicts. America as a revolutionary power: how US opposition to European imperialism and willingness to work with radical movements complicate its image as the defender of established order. Could preserving Middle Eastern monarchies have prevented later disasters? Aimen’s provocative counterfactual about revolution, state-building and the road to 9/11. Al-Qaeda and liberal globalisation: enemies with something in common? Their very different challenges to national sovereignty and visions of a world transcending borders. Jihadism amid the wreckage of earlier promises: how disappointed hopes for national liberation, Arab unity and socialism shaped the world in which al-Qaeda emerged. Was the War on Terror a rupture or an acceleration? Older American objectives pursued with new urgency, alongside an expansion of surveillance and state power. Bin Laden’s selective use of history: how an analogy with medieval siege warfare became a justification for killing civilians on 9/11. History without a puppet master: why examining competing ambitions and unintended consequences can leave us less certain about who controls events—and what sensible policy requires.Join the Conflicted Community here: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://conflicted.supportingcast.fm/⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Find us on X: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://x.com/MHconflicted⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠And Facebook: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://www.facebook.com/MHconflicted⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠And Instagram: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://www.instagram.com/conflictedpod⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Learn more about your ad choices. Visit ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠megaphone.fm/adchoices⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Conflicted is a Message Heard production.Executive Producers: Jake Warren & Max Warren.Produced and edited by Thomas Small.Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices