Japan’s MMX mission is preparing to land on Mars’ moon Phobos, collect samples, and study Deimos to uncover whether the moons are captured asteroids or remnants of a massive impact.

The mission could reveal clues about the delivery of water and organic materials to early Earth while testing technologies for future Mars exploration. With China’s Tianwen-3 pursuing a similar sample-return goal, a new race to bring Martian material back to Earth is underway.

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