Students classified as English Learners have maintained lower and high school graduation and 4-year college attendance rates in the United States since the classification was created. There are more than 4.8 million ELS in U.S. public schools. Only 67 percent graduation on time, and less than 20 percent attend four-year colleges after graduation. The goal of Johnson’s research is to identify the causal effects of initial EL classification on high school graduation and college enrollment.