H.W. Brands, Part Two: In 1941, the debate intensifies over the Lend-Lease Act, which Lindbergh argues supports British imperialism rather than democracy. Lindbergh testifies before Congress, asserting that air power makes the Western Hemisphere more defensible, contradicting Roosevelt's claims that technology has made America more vulnerable. Roosevelt declares an "unlimited national emergency," casting anti-interventionists as disloyal "copperheads" and "fifth columnists." The America First movement is effectively ruined following Lindbergh's Des Moines speech, in which he identifies "Jewish Americans" as a group pushing the U.S. toward war, leading to widespread accusations of anti-Semitism. The national debate ends abruptly with the attack on Pearl Harbor and Hitler's subsequent declaration of war. Although Roosevelt bars his chief critic from official military service, Lindbergh eventually flies combat missions surreptitiously as a civilian consultant in the Pacific. (2)
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