Jonathan Healey, The Blazing World: A New History of Revolutionary England, 1603–1689. The focus shifts to Charles I and his favorite advisor, the Duke of Buckingham. In a bizarre 1623 incident, Charles and Buckingham traveled in disguise to Madrid to secure a marriage with the Spanish Infanta, hoping to gain wealth and influence. The mission was a humiliating failure, leading to a shift toward war with Spain. James I ended his reign ill and disillusioned as his peaceful foreign policy collapsed. Upon his death in 1625, the 24-year-old Charles I inherited a massive debt of one million pounds, forcing an immediate and fractious confrontation with Parliament. (2)
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