David Albert is the Frederick E. Woodbridge Professor of Philosophy at Columbia University, director of the Philosophical Foundations of Physics program at Columbia, and a faculty member of the John Bell Institute for the Foundations of Physics. Jacob Barandes is Senior Preceptor in Physics at Harvard University, where he works widely across the philosophy of physics, with focuses on the foundations of quantum mechanics, the philosophy of spacetime, and the metaphysics of laws. In this episode, Robinson, Jacob, and David discuss Jacob’s novel Indivisibility Approach to quantum mechanics. After beginning with an introduction from David, the conversation touches on the measurement problem, completeness, scientific realism, the purpose of physics, and more. If you’re interested in the foundations of physics, then please check out the JBI, which is devoted to providing a home for research and education in this important area. Any donations are immensely helpful at this early stage in the institute’s life.Jacob’s Website: https://www.jacobbarandes.comA Guess at the Riddle: https://a.co/d/6qcsidlThe John Bell Institute: https://www.johnbellinstitute.orgOUTLINE00:00 The Problem with the Wave Function05:30 The Indivisibility Approach17:28 What Is Indivisibility?25:13 The Measurement Problem32:18 The Incompleteness of Jacob’s Theory42:20 Completing the Theory47:12 Realism in Quantum Mechanics01:03:13 The Fundamental Task of Physics01:10:57 The Structure of the Indivisibility Theory01;22:26 Summarizing and Calculating01:40:01 The Game of Fundamental Physics01:46:31 Can Bohmian Mechanics Work?01:56:26 A Version Including David’s Theory02:04:49 What Is the Wave Function?02:15:33 Where We’ve Ended UpRobinson Erhardt researches symbolic logic and the foundations of mathematics at Stanford University, where he is also a JD candidate in the Law School.

Paul Davies is a theoretical physicist and Regents’ Professor at Arizona State University. Paul works on quantum mechanics, astrophysics, and cosmology, with emphasis on the origin and early stages of the universe, the quantum properties of black holes and the nature of time. He is interested in the nature and origin of life – including extraterrestrial life – beyond Earth, and in complex systems. In this episode of Robinson’s Podcast, Paul and Robinson discuss the second revolution in quantum mechanics. Among other things, they dig into the origin of quantum theory, how we should interpret it, various quarks of quantum physics, such as teleportation and entanglement, quantum computing, and more. Paul’s recent book is Quantum 2.0 (Pelican, 2025).Quantum 2.0: https://a.co/d/0ckzsWavOUTLINE00:00 Why Quantum Mechanics?11:59 How Should We Interpret Quantum Mechanics?22:22 Complexity and Quantum Theory30:59 What Will Be the Next Quantum Revolution?39:59 The Next Generation of Quantum Technology?49:47 Can Quantum Teleportation Move Macroscopic Objects?52:47 Supercomputers vs Quantum Computers01:04:16 The Fine-Tuning Problem?01:12:37 Do We Have a Scientific Theory of Life?Robinson Erhardt researches symbolic logic and the foundations of mathematics at Stanford University, where he is also a JD candidate in the Law School.

Priyamvada Natarajan is the Joseph S. and Sophia S. Fruton Professor of Astronomy and Professor of Physics at Yale University, where she is also the Chair of Astronomy. Priya researches broadly across astrophysics and cosmology; some topics she has worked on include gravitational lensing, black hole physics, the philosophy of science, and dark matter. In this conversation, Priya and Robinson largely stick to the latter. They discuss her interest in cosmology writ large, as well as how the scientific community tackles the unknown. Priya’s most recent book is Mapping the Heavens: The Radical Scientific Ideas that Reveal the Cosmos (Yale, 2016).Mapping the Heavens: https://a.co/d/02HPcMB1OUTLINE00:00 A Paradox of Cosmology06:16 Investigating Invisibilia11:25 The Sociology of Astrophysics16:52 Phenomenology in Physics19:47 What Is the Mystery of Dark Matter?29:07 The Problem of Dark Energy36:38 Models and Simulations46:17 Modifying the Standard Model to Explain Dark Matter58:20 The Crisis in Dark Matter01:12:22 Alternative Explanations of Dark Matter01:19:51 Fine-Tuning and the Multiverse01:25:24 Black HolesRobinson Erhardt researches symbolic logic and the foundations of mathematics at Stanford University, where he is also a JD candidate in the Law School.

Tim Maudlin is Professor of Philosophy at NYU and Founder and Director of the John Bell Institute for the Foundations of Physics. In this episode, Robinson and Tim discuss the nature of philosophy. More particularly, they discuss philosophy’s origin, its connections to physics, what characterizes some of its well-known sub disciplines, and some of its biggest problems. If you’re interested in the foundations of physics, then please check out the JBI, which is devoted to providing a home for research and education in this important area. Any donations are immensely helpful at this early stage in the institute’s life.Tim’s Website: www.tim-maudlin.siteThe John Bell Institute: https://www.johnbellinstitute.orgOUTLINE00:00 The Beginning of Philosophy06:53 Where Physics and Philosophy Diverged14:07 Quantum Gravity18:30 Physicists and Philosophers on Space and Time23:10 Is Metaphysics Different From Physics?34:54 Why Don’t Universities Have Departments of Metaphysics?49:27 Are Numbers Real?01:07:50 What Are Continental and Analytic Philosophy?01:14:58 The Age-Old Puzzle of the Statue and the Clay01:28:05 What Is Epistemology?01:38:57 Is the World Around Us an Illusion?01:49:13 What Are the Biggest Open Problems in Philosophy?01:57:00 A John Bell Institute UpdateRobinson Erhardt researches symbolic logic and the foundations of mathematics at Stanford University, where he is also a JD candidate in the Law School.

Craig Callender is Professor of Philosophy and Co-Director of the Institute for Practical Ethics at UC San Diego, where he is a leading philosopher of science and physics. Craig also appeared on episode 73, in which he and Robinson discussed pseudoscience and conspiracy theories, and epidote 114, where he, Robinson, and Tim Maudlin discussed the philosophy of time, including the reality of the past, present, and future, the direction of time, its relationship to relativity and quantum mechanics, and time travel. In this episode, Robinson and Craig turn to a different assortment of topics. They talk about disinformation, lab-grown meat, de-extinction, scientific communication, quantum mechanics, and the Tolman-Ehrenfest Effect.Craig’s Website: https://www.craigcallender.comOUTLINE00:00 Craig’s Interest in Lab-Grown Meat04:25 Disinformation and the Philosophy of Science18:18 The Root of the Error23:43 The Importance of Science Communication31:12 What Is De-Extinction?47:28 What Is the Tolman-Ehrenfest Effect?1:00:00 Tolman-Ehrenfest, Continued01:15:07 A Philosopher’s Perspective01:23:05 What Is The Problem with Quantum Mechanics?01:24:56 What’s the Best Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics?Robinson’s Website: http://robinsonerhardt.comRobinson Erhardt researches symbolic logic and the foundations of mathematics at Stanford University, where he is also a JD candidate in the Law School.

Nate Soares is the President of the Machine Intelligence Research Institute, and plays a central role in setting MIRI’s vision and strategy. Soares has been working in the field for over a decade, and is the author of a large body of technical and semi-technical writing on AI alignment, including foundational work on value learning, decision theory, and power-seeking incentives in smarter-than-human AIs. Prior to MIRI, Soares worked as an engineer at Google and Microsoft, as a research associate at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and as a contractor for the US Department of Defense. In this episode, Nate and Robinson discuss the problems of AI from the ground up. They touch on how AI is trained, why it will surpass human intelligence, why this is dangerous, how it could wipe out humankind, and more. Nate’s recent book, co-written with Eliezer Yudkowsky, is If Anyone Builds It, Everyone Dies (Little, Brown and Company, 2025).If Anyone Builds It, Everyone DiesNate’s X: https://x.com/So8resMIRI: https://intelligence.orgOUTLINE00:00 Nate’s Existential Dread07:11 What’s the REAL Problem with Artificial Intelligence?11:39 How Is AI Trained?17:15 The Vital Importance of Interpreting AI20:53 Why AI Will Soon Surpass Human Intelligence32:58 Why Solving the AI Alignment Problem is Crucial to Human Survival38:40 Will AI Render Human Software Engineers Obsolete?48:03 Does It Make Sense to Say AI Has Goals?01:00:02 Why AI Consciousness Is Unimportant01:11:33 How, Realistically, Could AI Wipe Out Humanity?01:35:27 A Sci-Fi (But Realistic) AI Doomsday Scenario01:44:34 Is There Hope that Humans Will Survive AI?

Norman's Upcoming Book, Gaza's Gravediggers: https://orbooks.com/catalog/gazas-gravediggers/Norman Finkelstein received his PhD from the Princeton University Politics Department, and is best known for his research on Israel and Palestine.  Norman also appeared on episodes 192, 218, 228, 244, and 250, where he addressed the facts and fictions generated by the Israel-Hamas War, October 6th, allegations of genocide and apartheid, Hezbollah, the Holocaust, and more. In this episode, Robinson and Norman discuss Trump, Netanyahu, Putin, the wars in Ukraine and Iran, and more. Norman’s new book is Gaza’s Gravediggers: An Inquiry into Corruption in High Places (OR Books, 2026).Norman’s Website: https://www.normanfinkelstein.comOUTLINE00:00 No Investigation, No Right to Speak02:15 Why the War with Iran is Unjustified09:07 Israel Violated Article II of the UN Charter13:44 Will the Iran War the End the World in Nuclear War?21:03 Why Trump Is Underestimating Iran30:55 How Israel and the United States Tried to Deceive the World About Iran38:27 Is Israel’s Mentality “Homicidal”?44:43 What’s Less Justified: Putin’s War on Ukraine or Netanyahu’s on Iran?01:00:00 More on Ukraine01:12:31 What Should We Make of Joe Kent?01:21:00 More on KentRobinson’s Website: http://robinsonerhardt.comRobinson Erhardt researches symbolic logic and the foundations of mathematics at Stanford University, where he is also a JD candidate in the Law School.

Richard Wolff is Professor Emeritus of Economics at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and a visiting professor at The New School, where he works on economics in the Marxist tradition. This is Richard’s tenth  appearance on Robinson’s Podcast. In this episode, Richard and Robinson discuss the ongoing war in Iran. More particularly, they discuss whether it was predictable, how it will affect the United States, Israel, and Europe, what really motivated the war, and more. Richard’s latest book is Understanding Capitalism (Democracy at Work, 2024).Understanding Capitalism (Book): https://www.democracyatwork.info/understanding_capitalismRichard’s Website: https://www.rdwolff.comEconomic Update: https://www.democracyatwork.info/economicupdateOUTLINE00:00 Was the Iran War Predictable?05:43 How History Made Trump’s War with Iran Inevitable15:00 The Historical Perspective24:45 The War in Iran Is a Catastrophic Mistake for Israel32:03 Will Europe Survive the War in Iran?46:32 Is the Iran War the Last Straw for Donald Trump?53:48 Why China Is Obliterating American Companies01:03:17 How Trump and Israel Are Ending the American Empire01:08:35 Is the United States Turning on Donald Trump?01:13:54 Why Mamdani Is Winning Over New Yorkers01:17:20 The Iran War Is Really About Oil01:28:20 What Happens When The People of Iran Say “No More”?01:39:13 Does AI Mean the End of Capitalism?01:50:55 Will the United States Lose the War in Iran?Robinson’s Website: http://robinsonerhardt.comRobinson Erhardt researches symbolic logic and the foundations of mathematics at Stanford University, where he is also a JD candidate in the Law School.

Michael Hudson is Distinguished Research Professor of Economics at the University of Missouri, Kansas City and President of the Institute for the Study of Long-Term Economic Trends. He researches domestic and international finance, the history of economics, and the role of debt in shaping class stratification, among many other topics. This is Michael’s sixth appearance on the show. On past episodes, including with Richard Wolff, he and Robinson have neoliberalism, industrial capitalism, the rentier economy, Marxism, and the role of economics in political history. In this episode, Michael and Robinson talk about Donald Trump, the war in Iran, Russia and Ukraine, Israel, China, and the possibility of World War III. Michael’s most recent book is Temples of Enterprise (ISLET, 2024). Michael’s Website: https://michael-hudson.comTemples of Enterprise: https://a.co/d/a3c53dmOUTLINE00:10 How Oil Controls US Foreign Policy10:44 How American Foreign Policy Is Leading to World War III31:03 Trump’s Neocon War Strategy34:56 Why Does the United States Need Israel for its Iran War?41:26 Does the US Finance Terrorism in Ukraine and Israel?44:16 How the West Provoked Russia’s War in Ukraine52:53 Why Does the US Support Ukraine?56:10 How China Became an Economic Superpower59:49 AI and the Economic War for Global Dominance01:10:21 Oil, Renewable Energy, and the Shifting Global Power Structure01:12:25 The US Economy After WWI01:24:21 Why Europe Fell from WWII to the Present01:36:45 How Trump Ignores the First Amendment01:40:20 The Apex of American Power after WWII01:43:12 Who Will Win the Economic World War?01:49:25 Why Iran Is Crucial to the World’s Future01:53:38 The Dismal Future of the American EmpireRobinson’s Website: http://robinsonerhardt.comRobinson Erhardt researches symbolic logic and the foundations of mathematics at Stanford University, where he is also a JD candidate in the Law School.

Sara Imari Walker is Professor in the School of Earth and Space Exploration at Arizona State University, where she is Deputy Director of the Beyond Center. Sara is an astrobiologist and theoretical physicist, with research interests in the origins of life, artificial life, life and detection on other worlds. Lee Cronin is Regius Chair of Chemistry at the University of Glasgow. Among his many pursuits are the digitization of chemistry, the discovery of alien life, and the creation of artificial life. In this episode, Robinson, Sara, and Lee discuss the relationship between philosophy and science, quantum physics, time, determinism, AI, and the origin of Life.Life as No One Knows It: https://a.co/d/2fdKa2eLee’s Website: https://www.chem.gla.ac.uk/cronin/Lee’s Twitter: https://x.com/leecroninOUTLINE00:00 Chemistry, Biology, Physics, and Philosophy07:57 Philosophy and Science20:58 Is Time an Object?30:00 More on Time44:38 On Time and Entropy51:13 Is the Universe Deterministic?01:08:54 What’s Wrong with Quantum Physics?01:17:08 Contingency, Selection, and Evolution01:29:05 Scientific Temperament01:44:18 Do We Experience ChatGPT as Human?Robinson’s Website: http://robinsonerhardt.comRobinson Erhardt researches symbolic logic and the foundations of mathematics at Stanford University, where he is also a JD candidate in the Law School.