Gender Bias in Medicine and Drug Research

1. Women 51% of population, but few women in clinical research

2. Sex is based on reproductive organs and functions assigned by chromosomes

     - Gender is self-representation in response to socials institutions shaped by       environment and experience

     - Action: Education, research, workforce development

3. Medical Biases against women

     - Heart failure – Australia: women < men to receive recommended treatment for heart       failure

     - Alzheimer’s Disease – women perform better than men in early stages

     - Medical trials – women excluded

          - 8 Rx in US withdrawn between 1997-2001 for less safe and effective

          - Until early 1990’s women excluded from biomedical studies

          - Example:

               - Women:  ASA reduced risk of stroke, but not MI

               - Men:  ASA reduces risk of MI, but not stroke

     - CPR dummies – U of Penn (2018) women less likely to receive CPR

     - Endometriosis – 1/10  women wait > 7 years for diagnosis

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