Atheendar Venkataramani is an assistant professor in the Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy at the Perelman School of Medicine and director of the Opportunity for Health Lab at the University of Pennsylvania. Stephen Morrissey, the interviewer, is the Executive Managing Editor of the Journal. A.S. Venkataramani. Affirmative Action, Population Health, and the Importance of Opportunity and Hope. N Engl J Med 2023;