Episode 96:This week’s episode is about Walter J. Freeman. Jr., the surgeon without surgical training who pioneered a brutal procedure that was used to punish the women of the 1950s for stepping out of line. Let’s talk about the gruesome and brutal history of lobotomy.

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Sources

Psychosurgery, ethics, and media: a history of Walter Freeman and the lobotomy: shorturl.at/ejDV2

'My Lobotomy': Howard Dully's Journey: shorturl.at/uEKPY

He was bad, so they put an ice pick in his brain...: shorturl.at/inrH2

The First Lobotomy in the US Happened at George Washington University: shorturl.at/etFQY

Most lobotomies were done on women: shorturl.at/avL69

Diagnosing Womanhood: Lessons Learned from Gender Bias in 20th Century Psychiatry: shorturl.at/emyVW

(F)ailing women in psychiatry: lessons from a painful past: shorturl.at/iyK68

Race and Gender in the Selection of Patients for Lobotomy: shorturl.at/jpqCK

Madwives: Schizophrenic Women in the 1950s: shorturl.at/atKS0

50 Years Ago, Doctors Called Domestic Violence 'Therapy': shorturl.at/qGOX3

Napa State Hospital to get a history of its very own: shorturl.at/ghqEJ

Black Women, Mental Hospitals, and Public Housing — A California Carceral Story: shorturl.at/dirvU

Women Who Defied Gender Roles Were Once Imprisoned In Asylums: shorturl.at/mFHY7

1950 Census of Institutional Population: shorturl.at/jky26

Walter Freeman and James Watts collection: shorturl.at/hHPWX