; AC VII). In the Magdeburg Confession of 1550, our Lutheran fathers applied Luther’s doctrine of the two kingdom to the Smalcaldic Wars, enumerated four levels of tyranny, and identified distinctive rights and responsibilities for magistrates, pastors, and laypersons in response to each level. In the Nazi era, Dietrich Bonhoeffer in Germany and Eivind Berggrav in Norway drew upon this Lutheran heritage to determine when and how to exercise political resistance against a totalitarian regime. Their lessons guide us still today.