Episode 38 of CRAMSURG - Clinical Reasearch Appraisal and Methodology for Surgical Trainees. The paper for discussion is Watch and wait after neoadjuvant treatment in rectal cancer: comparison of outcomes in patients with and without a complete response at first reassessment in the International Watch and Wait Database BJS Mar 2023. The teaching topic is Limitations of RCTs in surgical research - part 2. Brought to you by CRAMSURG www.cramsurg.org