Similarly, change at collective, organisational and systems levels requires more time and investment in research and policy. While thousands of trials demonstrate the effectiveness of mindfulness and compassion interventions in a clinical context, studies that examine direct causation of prosocial outcomes are at an early stage. For instance, while positive relationships between mindfulness and sustainable consumption can be demonstrated, it cannot yet be assumed that mindfulness leads directly and causally to sustainable consumption behaviour. However, evidence suggests that mindfulness can create preconditions for such changes.